Religion is an institution or collection of institutions whose members share beliefs, values, and practices. It is a complex phenomenon with many functions and impacts on the lives of people around the world. It can bring people together, but it can also cause division and stress. It can inspire moral behavior, but it can also lead to violence and discrimination. It provides a sense of community and connection to tradition, and it can even impact health.
The term religion has a long history of scholarly study and debate, but it is difficult to define. It has been defined substantively and functionally, but these definitions have not always held up to empirical scrutiny. For example, there are some scholars who argue that religion refers to a system of faith and practice that is shared by an entire culture or society. This is sometimes referred to as an ethnographic or philological approach to religion, and it has been used by scholars such as N.D. Fustel de Coulanges (1830-89).
Another way to view religion is as a social genus or cultural type. This view was developed by Emile Durkheim in the nineteenth century, and it has continued to shape sociological thinking about religion. It is based on the idea that all religious beliefs and practices are related to sacred objects, which are viewed as having special significance. It assumes that these beliefs and practices are necessary for creating social solidarity. It also argues that these beliefs and practices are distinct from the everyday, or profane, aspects of life.